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Cafe: The Little Tramp s Death by Service Work in Modern Times . A detailed
and favourable analysis of the penultimate scene.
Further Reading " 193
University of Virginia, The Method . A discussion of Chaplin s major films of the
1920s and 30s and his development as a film-maker.
6 Citizen Kane (US, 1941): The Tragedy of Ambition
Rick Altman, Deep-Focus Sound: Citizen Kane and the Radio Aesthetic . A discus-
sion of such radio techniques as audio bookends to scenes, their relationship to
deep-focus photography and their effect on the viewer.
Jorn K. Bramann, Citizen Kane . How Kane s life is related to Socratic ideals. Kane
as exemplar of American values.
David P. Hayes, Citizen Kane s Borrowings: Techniques Attributed to Citizen Kane
Which Appeared in Earlier Films . A comprehensive listing of techniques previ-
ously used in other films, though without analysis.
Clinton Heylin, Despite the System: Orson Welles Versus the Hollywood Studios.
How the script for Citizen Kane came into being.
Leonard J. Leff, Reading Kane . An exercise in making use of subjective responses
in reading the film, with applicability to the implied author.
7 It s a Wonderful Life (US, 1946): Seeking the American Hero
Morris Dickstein, It s a Wonderful Life, but . . . . Capra s film as myth.
Daniel Green, In Defense of It s a Wonderful Life . Green dismisses the charge of
sentimentalism and sees George Bailey as victim of an existential crisis.
Annalee Newitz, It s Fun . . . But It Takes Courage: Remembering Frank Capra s
America . Capra s contribution to American national identity.
Gilbert Sorrentino, Things Aren t What They Seem: Frank Capra s It s a Wonderful
Life . The film s message is Money is everything.
William Swislow, It s a Pretty Grim Life, Actually: All Is Not So Rosey in It s a
Wonderful Life . Capra s view of small-town life reappraised.
George Toles, A House Made of Light: Essays on the Art of Film. Toles argues that
Capra transcends convention without undermining it and that George s accom-
modation to circumstances is not synonymous with dull acquiescence.
8 Black Narcissus (GB, 1947): Nuns in Exotic Places
Alaknanda Bagchi, Of Nuns and Palaces: Rumer Godden s Black Narcissus . A
Christian perspective on the novel.
Kelly Davidson and John Hill, Under Control? Black Narcissus and the Imagin-
ing of India . The way paternalistic attitudes cannot be shrugged off and how the
film plays with irony and hysteria.
194 " Further Reading
Priya Jaikumar, Place and the Modernist Redemption of Empire in Black Narcissus
(1947) . Jaikumar argues for the centrality of the colonial setting in overcoming
narrative collapse.
Douglas McVay, Michael Powell: Three Neglected Films . Black Narcissus as part
of a triptych with Gone to Earth and Peeping Tom. Considers links with other
films.
Henry Sheehan, Black Narcissus (1947) . Sheehan s triptych includes A Matter of
Life and Death and I Know Where I m Going! He considers the self-conscious
depiction of reality lurking imaginatively beneath analysis.
9 The Night of the Hunter (US, 1955): Return of the Big Bad Wolf
Robert Gitt, The Hidden Hunter , Guardian, 6 June 2003. How the rushes were
discovered and what they reveal about the film.
Ian Johnston, The Night of the Hunter . Johnston sees the film as a contrast of op-
posites and examines how this is played out on a symbolic level.
Preston Neal Jones, Heaven and Hell to Play With: The Filming of The Night of the
Hunter . An exhaustive account of the film s genesis.
Kristian Moen, About as Shapeless as the Man in the Moon : The Representation
of Desire and Transition in Six Films of Charles Laughton . Places The Night of
the Hunter in the context of Laughton s work as an actor, particularly his interest
in non-naturalistic presentation.
Vicente Rodriguez-Ortega, Fear Factor . The influence of The Night of the Hunter
on later films and our attraction to Mitchum s character: A love we despise but
one we cannot easily run away from.
10 Lawrence of Arabia (GB, 1962): An Englishman in the Sun
Michael A. Anderegg, David Lean. Offers a more analytical account of the film and
Lawrence s character than might be expected from a biography.
Steven C. Caton, Lawrence of Arabia : A Film s Anthropology. The genesis of the
film.
Laurence Raw, T. E. Lawrence, the Turks, and the Arab Revolt in the Cinema:
Anglo-American and Turkish Representations . Examines representations of the
Arab and Turkish worlds in film.
Jack G. Shaheen, Reel Bad Arabs: How Hollywood Vilifies a People. Explores the
stereotyping of Arabs. The proprietorial attitude towards wells shown in the film
is inaccurate.
Jeremy Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia or Smith in the Desert? , T. E. Lawrence Stud-
ies. Historical errors in the film and their significance.
Further Reading " 195
11 8½ (Italy/France, 1963): The Director as Superstar
Albert Edward Benderson, Critical Approaches to Federico Fellini s 8½ . Bender-
son favours a psychoanalytic approach, but gives comprehensive coverage to
other models. How the Pinocchio motif appears in the film.
Edward Branigan, Subjectivity under Siege: From Fellini s 8½ to Oshima s The
Story of a Man Who Left his Will on Film . A psychological approach to 8½, with
an examination of Christian Metz s analysis of the ending. This essay is critiqued
in the same issue by Paul Willeman.
Frank Burke, Fellini s Films: From Postwar to Postmodern. Looks at the films from
the viewpoints of individualism and the shift from realist cinema to something
more self-conscious.
Norman N. Holland, 8½ and Me: The Thirty-Two Year Difference . A reflection on
a review of the film written by psychoanalyst Norman Holland thirty-two years
earlier. He has come to favour a more subjective view of film, his conclusion
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